Viruses such as norovirus and hepatitis A are commonly associated with contamination from which source?

• A. Feces
• B. Air
• C. Water
• D. Food

Answer: (A)

These viruses are spread mainly through the fecal-oral route. Infected people shed virus in their feces, and contamination occurs when that material gets onto hands, surfaces, or foods that are not properly washed or cooked, or into water used for washing produce or foods. Because the primary issue is fecal contamination, feces is the best source to identify. Air isn’t the primary transmission route for these viruses, and while water and food can carry the virus, they do so because they’ve been exposed to fecal matter in the first place. Emphasizing clean handwashing, proper hygiene, and safe food handling helps prevent this route of contamination.